Biology †Characteristics of Life and Principles

What is biology? Simply put, it is the study of life, in all of its grandeur. Biology concerns all life forms, from the very small algae to the very large elephant. But how do we know if something is living? For example,  is a virus alive or dead? To answer these questions, biologists have created a set of criteria called the characteristics of life.   The Characteristics of Life Living things include both the visible world of animals, plants, and fungi as well as the invisible world of bacteria and viruses. On a basic level, we can say that life is ordered. Organisms have an enormously complex organization. Were all familiar with the intricate systems of the basic unit of life, the cell. Life can work. No, this doesnt mean all animals are qualified for a job. It means that living creatures can take in energy from the environment. This energy, in the form of food, is transformed to maintain metabolic processes and for survival. Life grows and develops. This means more than just replicating or getting larger in size. Living organisms also have the ability to rebuild and repair themselves when injured. Life can reproduce. Have you ever seen dirt reproduce? I dont think so. Life can only come from other living creatures. Life can respond. Think about the last time you accidentally stubbed your toe. Almost instantly, you flinched back in pain. Life is characterized by this response to stimuli. Finally, life can adapt and respond to the demands placed on it by the environment. There are three basic types of adaptations that can occur in higher organisms. Reversible changes occur as a response to changes in the environment. Lets say you live near sea level and you travel to a mountainous area. You may begin to experience difficulty breathing and an increase in heart rate as a result of the change in altitude. These symptoms go away when you go back down to sea level.Somatic changes occur as a result of prolonged changes in the environment. Using the previous example, if you were to stay in the mountainous area for a long time, you would notice that your heart rate would begin to slow down and you would begin to breath normally. Somatic changes are also reversible.The final type of adaptation is called genotypic (caused by genetic mutation). These changes take place within the genetic makeup of the organism and are not reversible. An example would be the development of resistance to pesticides by insects and spiders. In summary, life is organized, works, grows, reproduces, responds to stimuli and adapts. These characteristics form the basis of the study of biology. Basic Principles of Biology The foundation of biology as it exists today is based on five basic principles. They are the cell theory, gene theory, evolution, homeostasis, and laws of thermodynamics. Cell Theory: all living organisms are composed of cells. The cell is the basic unit of life.Gene Theory: traits are inherited through gene transmission. Genes are located on chromosomes and consist of DNA.Evolution: any genetic change in a population that is inherited over several generations. These changes may be small or large, noticeable or not so noticeable.Homeostasis: ability to maintain a constant internal environment in response to environmental changes.Thermodynamics: energy is constant and energy transformation is not completely efficient. Subdiciplines of BiologyThe field of biology is very broad in scope and can be divided into several disciplines. In the most general sense, these disciplines are categorized based on the type of organism studied. For example,  zoology deals with animal studies, botany deals with plant studies, and microbiology is the study of microorganisms. These fields of study can be broken down further into several specialized sub-disciplines. Some of which include anatomy, cell biology, genetics, and physiology.

A Research Study On Sex Education - 808 Words

Greslà ©-Favier, and independent researcher writing in the peer reviewed journal Sex Education, investigates childism, or systematic discrimination against children, which stems from conservative beliefs that parents have high authority and children belong in the private sphere. Within the context of sex education, childism is a primary factor in programs that place the values of parents and society over the needs and rights of the child. While including discussions about the importance of personal and family values in sex education is reasonable, it is unreasonable to completely diminish the concerns of the individual. A prime example of the value based approach, violation of rights, and bias, presented by abstinence education is the†¦show more content†¦By addressing homosexuality only within the context of â€Å"promiscuity and disease,† most abstinence programs create an unwelcoming environment for homosexual students (â€Å"ACLU Memo† 30). The best way t o promote teenage sexual health is to create a supportive environment with a wealth of accurate, holistic information. If students do not receive accurate information about sexual health from reliable institutions such as schools, they will find such information, albeit inaccurate, elsewhere. Adolescents often rely upon peers and mass media for sexual information (Igras et al. 558), which poses problems because peers are equally uninformed and the media presents distorted or inaccurate portrayals of sexual activity. Like abstinence programs, television, movies, and the Internet perpetuate gender stereotypes, but by demonstrating how the genders are supposed to act in sexual situations rather than teaching about it (Kittleson and Howard-Barr 73). Additionally, the media includes abundant sexual references without the necessary health information to back them up. The average teenager encounters over 14,000 sexual references each year, but only 1 in 85 discuss serious matters such as â€Å"abstinence, contraception, or marriage† (Kittleson and Howard-Barr 73). Abstinence only education programs and the media may be on opposite ends of the spectrum as far as attitudes toward sex, but are both equally uninformative because they

Manufacturing Process Workshop Technology -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Manufacturing Process Workshop Technology? Answer: Introduction Lightly loaded high-speed roller bearings are in most cases prone lubricant starvation and slip especially at the interface where the inner circle comes into contact with the rollers. The bearing life of the roller is affected therefore by these two factors, slip and starvation of the lubricant, as these factors affect the thickness of the film of oil. Of the most important life factor is the speed of the cage in the estimation of the contact pressure. This is because any modification that happens to the bearing-inner race interface is affected by the speed at which the cage moves(Weisenberger, 2013). Finite Element Analysis The stress developed when the two surfaces come into contact is defined by Hertzian contact stress. The extent of deformation on the point of contact when the two surface come together is dependent on the normal contact force, the elasticity modulus of the two surfaces coming into contact as well as the radii of curvature of the two surfaces that have come into contact. Using the equation , the maximum contact pressure between the two surfaces can be established(Singh, 2006). Points of deformation on the inner circle of the roller Depending on the magnitude of the stress, there is deformation caused, either elastic or plastic to the surface of contact. A need thus arises to calculate the stress that is developed at the point of contact. Among the assumptions made while calculating the contact stress, include; Homogeneity of the materials that are in contact and that the yields stress is not surpasses A load, which is normal to the tangent of the contact plane, is responsible for the contact stress. This means there are no tangential forces that could be acting in between the two solids, which are intact(Castillo-Len, 2014) The area of the contact is small in comparison with the dimensions of the solids whose surfaces are coming into contact Surface roughness has negligible effect on the overall contact stress The solids, which are coming into contact, are at equilibrium and at rest during the time of contact. It is recommended that analysis of non-metallic components is done through nonlinear stress analysis as a result of the complexity of the relationships in load deformation(Committee, 2010). Finite element analysis can then be used in the calculation and estimation of the stresses and the displacement of the final products resulting from such operational loads as contact between surfaces, pressures, temperatures, accelerations or even forces. Multiphysics analysis can be performed from loads imported from simulation, thermal and flow studies. Being that the roller bearings and the roller race are made of metallic components, the analysis of the components of this solid can be done using either linear or nonlinear stress analysis. The analysis chosen depends upon the extent of push that the design is to be taken. In cases where there is need to keep the geometry in a linear elastic range, then linear stress analysis would be deployed. Keeping the geometry of the design in a linear elastic range would mean the components would be able to regain their original shape upon the withdrawal of the load. This would occur for as long as the geometry of the components is relatively larger than the rotations and the displacements. Such analyses normally aim factor of safety(Engineers, 2005). On the other hand, in cases where the pot-yield load cycles the geometry, nonlinear stress analysis is conducted to analyze the forces and the loads. Under such circumstances, the impact of permanent deformation and hardening of strain on the residual stresses are given a priority and thus the goals of the analysis. For the case of the presented problem, it is deducible that the geometry of the design is suitable. The boundary conditions of the components have clearly been defined, and from the provided information, the linear analysis would be deployed in the analysis of the forces of the components. The main aim of the design would be to ensure the roller bearings are able to contain the forces and the stress when it comes into contact with the roller race along the raceway(Lee, 2017). Most of the metals that are used in the manufacture of components are ductile. This loosely means metals occasionally react with loads in a linear way when loaded to a point called the yield strength beyond which the metal would behave non-linearly thereby resisting a very small amount of load before it can finally hit its point of ultimate strength where it breaks. The point at which there is conversion from linearity to non-linearity is called the plastic zone. It is not mathematically and computationally possible to describe into details this region(Kotzalas, 2006). Another limitation of this analysis is the stress concentration. In a bid to eliminate the plastic zone effects that result from non-linearity, Linear FEA version of computing is used in the simulation exercise. This version assumes that all materials used in the making of components would behave in a linear way even beyond the yield strength. Linear FEA tends to be inaccurate when it comes to stress concentrations. There tends to be very large stress over a very small area in a material at stress concentration(Gokhale, 2008). This is caused by abrupt changes in the geometry of the component and such areas are able to experience stress that is beyond the yield strength of the material. Due to this abrupt increase, linear FEA has been found to be inaccurate in the prediction of the possible effects that can come with these stress concentrations. Despite stress concentrations being a common phenomenon in finite element analysis, it is not accurately portrayed what happens in these regions with the assumptions that are used in the linear finite element analysis. It not correct and precise that the failure of the entire component of the system to be pegged purely on stress concentration on a linear analysis. Experimental findings have determined that there exists an acceptable allowance for stress just before stress concentration can have a relatively significant impact on the entire strength of the structure(Castillo-Len, 2014). One of the simplest ways of determining the maximum contact stress of the roller bearings and the roller race in the component provided is by assuming that the bearings make contact with the race over its full circumference. It is also assumed that as the roller moves along the raceway, the contact pressure over the area it moves remains constant throughout the time it moves(Esam, 2009). In so doing, contact pressure is created which is equivalent to the quotient of the loaded and the projected area of contact of the two surfaces Since the roller does not make contact with the roller race over the whole diameter, the contact pressure will not be constant throughout the area of contact. Instead, in case there is no deformation the roller bearings would end up only contacting the roller race along a line down its thickness. The elastic deformation experienced between the roller bearings and the roller race can be calculated using Hertz analytic solution, mostly called Hertzian contact. This method of calculation would yield the stress that would account for the actual geometry of the component: Conclusion This experimental design of a cylindrical roller and race design is almost similar in characteristics and conditions with that of numerical and analytical models. In as much as the data and the signals used in the analysis of this model are seemingly borrowed from and almost similar to real known model(Dieter, 2013). This experimental design model is can be validated by the use of Harrison Joness analytical model with minimal differences observed between the two models. Any differences that can be noted between this model and Jones would be due to asymmetrical load zone of by the numerical dynamic. This experimental model provides an avenue for further exploration into the various possible events that may result into or can be termed as chaotic behaviour of elements the roller. Numerical models are capable of generating the geometry of the load zones, which are adaptive to the dynamism of the bearing elements that are in contact with the geometry. Such allows for prediction of the fa ilure and location of critical areas as well as the behaviour of the various components(Schell, 2014). References Alawadhi, E. M. (2015). Finite Element Simulations Using ANSYS, Second Edition. London: CRC Press. Castillo-Len, J. (2014). Lab-on-a-Chip Devices and Micro-Total Analysis Systems: A Practical Guide. Oxford: Springer. Committee, A. I. (2010). ASM Handbook, Volume 22, Part 1. Chicago: ASM International. Dieter, G. E. (2013). Handbook of Workability and Process Design. Oxford: ASM International. Engineers, A. S. (2005). Proceedings of DETC, Volume 3, Parts 1-2. New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Esam, A. (2009). Finite Element Simulations Using ANSYS. New York: CRC Press. Gokhale, N. S. (2008). Practical Finite Element Analysis. Kansas: Finite To Infinite. Kotzalas, M. N. (2006). Advanced Concepts of Bearing Technology,: Rolling Bearing Analysis, Fifth Edition. New York: CRC Press. Lee, H.-H. (2017). Finite Element Simulations with ANSYS Workbench 17. Sydney: SDC Publications. Schell, J. (2014). The Art of Game Design: A Book of Lenses, Second Edition. New York: CRC Press. Singh, R. (2006). Introduction to Basic Manufacturing Process and Workshop Technology. Beijing: New Age International. Weisenberger, N. (2013). Coasters 101: An Engineer's Guide to Roller Coaster Design. Macnhester: Nick Weisenberger.

Organizations Law Business and Trade Activities

Question: Discuss about the Organizations Law for Business and Trade Activities. Answer: Introduction With the growth of the business and trade activities within the society the necessity of the appropriate governess for the business activities and the business organization was felt by the governments across the world. Moreover, for this reason several governments of different countries introduced corporation governance rules and Acts in order to govern the business activities performed by the business entities within the specific nation (Hansmann Kraakman, 2000). Afterwards, the rules, regulations, and Act related to the corporate governance has been changed and amended as per the needs from time to time. Global Financial Crisis was one of the most significant event for the world that forces the economist, academic scholars and the head of the nations to think about the monetary policies of the nations and to revaluate the policies and refurnished the policies as per the new situations need and demand. In Australia the corporate and business entities are governed by the Corporate A ct 2001. `The Act provides requisite rules and regulations in order to govern and control the huge number of business organizations within the country (Hilb, 2005). In Australia the important accounting tasks are performed according the standards provided by Australian Accounting Standard Board (AASB), however, in the changing business circumstances the necessity of requisite amendment to the accounting standards and financial reporting standard has been immensely felt. Moreover, the accounting tasks and the requisite accounting standard are vital for the companies and play vital role in the governance of the organization (Kim Nofsinger, 2007). This paper is on the accounting standard followed by the Australian companies and their competences with the international standard. Main body Corporate governance has drawn attention from the entire academic scholars, researchers, economist, and policy makers across the globe when the big organizations like UKs Enron and USAs WorldCom has been collapsed in 2001 and 2002 consecutively. Moreover, from then the researchers and economist across the globe provide great attention in developing more efficient corporate governance policies and the various nations are applying the new rules and policies in order to improve the governance and control within the business organizations around the nations (Kimmel, Weygandt, Kieso, 2010). The nation all across the world are trying to set efficient practices as a guidelines for their corporate governance. The economists and researchers all across the world are trying to explore several new perspectives in the field of corporate governance and the authorities are trying to apply various rules and regulation in order to overcome the significant issue. There are several different reports p roduces by organizations such as Cadbury Report in United Kingdom, Sarbanes Oxley in USA, The Day Report in Canada provide important guidelines and principles on the corporate governance (Lehman, Tinker, Merino, Neimark, 2005). The aim of maximum numbers of rules and regulations is to enhance the corporate governance environment of the organizations. In Australia the ASX Corporate Governance Councils provide the essential principles, guidelines and recommendations for the he companies performing business activities in this country for effective corporate governance within the organization. Good corporate governance can be referred to the corporate establishments, which leads to optimize the value of the entire stakeholders of the organization and it should be legally, ethically as sustainably competent (Mallin, 2004). Moreover, it should ensure equity as well as transparency to each stakeholders of the company including the employees, customers, suppliers, vendors, the government as well as the society. Therefore, in current business context the corporate governance is becoming the determinant factors to several matters in detecting the organizations strength and functionalities. One of the most vital functions of corporate governance is the accounting standard and financial reporting standard of the organization. In Australia the Australian Accounting Standard Board (AASB) is responsible to provide the essential accounting standards to the business organizations perform their business activities within this country (Reckers, 2001). The structure and practice of corporate governance play vital role in deciding the cost of the capital in the international capital market. The Australian business organizations should be equipped in order to compete internationally as well as to maintain and encourage the investors in Australia as well as in overseas. The corporate governance policies should be maintained strictly in order to promote high standards, values and transparency about the practices of corporate governance policies adopted by the companies. The ASX Corporate Governance council has amended the Principles 6 and 8 in order to make it apparent that a listed company is not need to comply with the Section 250RA and 300A of the Corporations Act, AASB 124. The boards of directors are mainly responsible for the external financial reporting function of the business organizations. The chief executive officer of the company along with the chief financial officer play crucial role in preparation of the financial report of the business organization and the boards has high degree of confidence and trust on them for integrity as well as disseminate of the accounting information of the organization (Steane Christie, 2001). They keep an eye on the internal accounting system of the orga nization and are reliant on the accountant of the organization as well as the chief executive officer and chief financial officer dependent on the internal auditors of the organization. The present accounting rules in Australia permit the managers little selection in order to determine the methods of measurement and condition to recognize several different financial reporting elements. Frauds in financial reporting inclusive of non-disclosure as well as deliberate falsification of the values provide significant information risk to the users of the financial reports (Weygandt, Kimmel, Kieso, 2014). For many reasons the AASB is going to implement the standards of the International Accounting Standard Board (IASB) and adopt the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in order to comply with the international standard and improve the acceptance of the Australian companies all across the world so that the investors take interest on the Australian company and make considerable investment in the Australian company. Conclusion Corporate governance is one of the most crucial aspect of the organizations and it play vital role in the effective operation of the organization as well as it helps in further growth and development plan of the organization. Accounting is one of the key elements of corporate governance and providing effective mechanism and accounting standard the organizations can improve its standard and reputation in the industry. Like other developed countries Australia is also great emphasis on developing effective corporate governance policies in order to compete with the international standard so that improve the reliance and trustworthy of the organizations in Australia (Wink Corradino, 2011). In this matter, the government has taken several effective steps such as the Australian Accounting Standard Board (AASB) has adopted several standards, rules and regulation from the International Accounting Standard Board (IASB) as well as adopted the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in order to prepare the financial reports of the Australian organization so that the Australian organization can compete internationally. References Hansmann, H. Kraakman, R. (2000).The essential role of organizational law. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Law School. Hilb, M. (2005).New corporate governance. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. Kim, K. Nofsinger, J. (2007).Corporate governance. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Kimmel, P., Weygandt, J., Kieso, D. (2010).Accounting. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Lehman, C., Tinker, T., Merino, B., Neimark, M. (2005).Corporate governance. Amsterdam: Elsevier JAI. Mallin, C. (2004).Corporate governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Reckers, P. (2001).Advances in Accounting. Burlington: Elsevier. Steane, P. Christie, M. (2001). Nonprofit Boards in Australia: A Distinctive Governance Approach.Corporate Governance,9(1), 48-58. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8683.00225 Weygandt, J., Kimmel, P., Kieso, D. (2014).Accounting principles. Hoboken, N.J: John Wiley Sons. Wink, G. Corradino, L. (2011).Intermediate accounting demystified. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.=