Essay --

Do I lament not doing this years back? No, I don't. It is absolutely evident, that since a little kid, experiencing childhood with my Dad’s pig ranch, have I been entranced by birth. Indeed, little new piglets were lovely, however different things charmed me. The sow for the most part conveyed her new brood with both quietness and freedom. A portion of my initial recollections are of hurrying out to the farrowing house containers (indeed, the poor creature in those days was in a pen structured only for birth, not outside in the opportunity of the field) to perceive what number of piglets had shown up and planning to get a brief look at the fetal membrane, as we alluded to it, at times in any event, seeing her convey it. Frightful to a few yet to me it was stunning how this odd looking mass had kept bunches of little lives alive. This interest is still with me today, clear when my family and I went to lambing day at a nearby homestead. Be that as it may, presently, following th e introduction of my youngsters, I brought compassion for the ewe as well. Concentrating on the Access course has just shown me a great deal about myself. Albeit an at first a stun to the framework after more than twenty years from stu...

Nike Business Presentation Outline Free Essays

Point: Nike advertising procedure, social obligation, and decent variety. Explicit Purpose: To advise my crowd about the advertising technique, ecological and social duty and decent variety of Nike organization Brief: In my introduction, I will discuss Nike’s showcasing system and its social obligation MARKETING An) INTRODUCTION  §Ã¢ â â â â â Preview †Because Nike’s achievement generally relies upon its insightful promoting methodology, I will clarify you the significance of promoting to Nike and presenting what promoting procedure Nike is as of now conveying. B)  BODY 1. We will compose a custom paper test on Nike Business Presentation Outline or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Showcasing is imperative to its feasibility and benefit a. Since Nike is a customer item organization, it must react to advertise changes through forceful showcasing. * If neglect to foresee precisely and react in opportune way to advertise changes, Nike could encounter material antagonistic consequences for deals and gainfulness. b. Nike must remain locally and all around serious to other enormous organizations, for example, Puma or Addidas. c. Accordingly, Nike pays attention to advertising issues very. Nike has been progressively putting into showcasing. (Allude to outline) * Nike encountered a significant increment in advertising interest in the FY of 07-08, to a great extent in view of the Olympic Games 2008. Request creation in FY 2009 is $2,351. 4 mil. , expanded 2% in contrast and FY 08 2. Nike is effectively sending the ideal brand picture methodology a. Ideal brand picture * Associates with a particular logo and promoting trademark â€Å"Just do it† * Advertise itself as a high caliber and costly item organization. * Promoti on: Nike contracts with prominent competitors and effectively supports sport occasions to advance its image. For instance: * Michael Jordan: in 2007, the Jordan brand, presently a different Nike auxiliary with its own structure, netted about $800 million. Tiger Woods: in 2000, Nike consented to a multi-year manage Woods worth an announced $105 million (It can be said that Nike is effectively moving toward the market by its savvy promoting procedure. Presently, I’ll be discussing Nike Social duty) SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY INTRODUCTION  §Ã¢ â â â â â Preview: Nike is a main socially dependable organization. I’ll be investigating Nike’s people group speculation and ecological responsibility. (To start with, I’ll be discussing network venture) BODY I. Nike has a long history of commitment in networks far and wide, putting resources into their lawns, key markets and assembling networks. . In FY07-09, Nike has legitimately put resources into network $168. 8 million †Set the objective of $315 million of commitments for FY11 †Involves contributing aptitude and generous action to the network. 2. To accomplish its locale speculation technique, Nike has created 2 center methodologies: a. Concentrate on making new models to give youngsters access to the intensity of game (to release their certainty, authority, wellbeing, training or business) †The Nike Foundation (separate philanthropic association): centers around creating youthful young ladies to bring positive changes into network. They has submitted more than $100 mil to profit juvenile young ladies. b. Advance magnanimous exercises and make budgetary streams that guarantee long haul achievement †Nike deals with an arrangement of speculation that have activated gifts from purchasers to extend its underlying venture. †Notable undertakings: Livestrong, Human Race, Hurley H20 water initiative†¦ (Not just is Nike socially dependable yet in addition Nike is eco logically responsible)â â â BODY 1. Profoundly dedicated to supportable advancement †To help center exertion and assets where organization can have the most effect, Nike built up its own North Star to characterize practical turn of events. . To accomplish its objective, Nike has broken it into various littler achievable advances: a. Item structure: * Internally, Nike assembles its HR to create shut circle item. * Externally, Nike effectively posts uncertain issues and demands arrangements from outside financial specialists, colleges and organizations. b. Atmosphere and vitality: As a helping to establish individual from Business for Innovative Climate and Energy Policy (BICEP), Nike and its accomplices have focused on key coordinated effort to push for US vitality and enactment and rule making. c. Water: Nike means to contract with production lines where water is sufficiently bounteous to help it activities. * Nike likewise teams up with processing plants to improve product ivity of water-using * Nike urges its suppliers’ adherence to top notch guidelines for the entirety of their creation. (Nike itself is a various organization) BODY 1. Decent variety and consideration are vital to drive imagination and development: †Grows their upper hand, enroll †In 2006, Nike named its first VP of Diversity. †In 2008, Nike framed a worldwide decent variety and consideration group concentrated on three territories: a. Connecting with representatives b. Giving business conference . Creating inventive apparatuses, models and structures 2. Decent variety and consideration insights a. Sexual orientation decent variety: * Global work power is half-male, half-female * Overall administration is 60% male and 40% female. b. Ethnicity assorted variety: c. 55% of its work power is Caucasian, 22% is African American, 13% is Hispanic, 9% is Asian/Pacific islander and 1% is American Indian. d. Provider decent variety: national and local accomplices on its pr oviders exertion, including the National Minority Supplier advancement board, the Oregon Association of Minority Entrepreneurs and the Women’s business Enterprise National Council. The most effective method to refer to Nike Business Presentation Outline, Essay models

Trump Ltd Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Trump Ltd - Research Paper Example cost is used. Ordinarily prepayments are made for things like lease of premises and installments are of current nature expense.First it important to characterize what is income articulations. Incomes are valuable expansion to budget summaries which portray the clients that how much money is there in the organization. The announcement shows the clients that how much money is out streamed and how much the organization has gotten from that point distinctive activates.As we realize that any organization endurance in the quick changing and intense rivalry condition, rely on its capacity to create money. income bookkeeping direct our consideration toward this shorten issue.Cash streams full fill the necessities everything being equal. For example, the executives will ready to take increasingly powerful choice when they will realize that what measure of money will be available in the organization. The executives will be help through the income figure in taking extension and venture decision s.... As per prepayments idea sum paid ahead of time for any cost will be treat as a benefit until the cost is used. Ordinarily prepayments are made for things like lease of premises and installments are of current nature cost. Conversation on income estimate: First it important to characterize what is income explanations. Incomes are valuable expansion to budget summaries which portray the clients that how much money is there in the organization. The announcement shows the clients that how much money is out streamed and how much the organization has gotten from that point diverse enacts. The principle favorable circumstances of utilizing income gauge are as follow As we realize that any organization endurance in the quick changing and intense rivalry condition, rely on its capacity to create money. income bookkeeping direct our consideration toward this shorten issue. Incomes are more extensive than bookkeeping benefits which are subject to bookkeeping ideas and shows Incomes conjecture are simpler to get ready and just as progressively helpful the benefit figure. Incomes full fill the requirements all things considered. For example, the executives will ready to take progressively successful choice when they will realize that what measure of money will be available in the organization. The executives will be help through the income estimate in taking extension and speculation choices. Income conjecture will be useful for furnishing correlation with genuine incomes to perceive what changes has been brought about. Income Statement as on 31 Dec 2006 Month 1: Working Activities money from clients 6250 money paid to staff compensation - 10000 intrigue paid ( 7% of 100000)/12 - 583 money

Where to Find Homework Help Online

Where to Find Homework Help OnlineMost schools have a homework help system to help students. Sometimes these systems are not well thought out and students do not fully understand how to use the system properly. If a student needs help with their homework, you can search the Internet for different options to find the help you need.The first place you can look is on the Internet. There are many sites that offer homework help and tutoring in different subjects. When you decide which site you want to use, remember that the Internet is a fast moving place. You will not be able to do research and make an informed decision.The second place you can go is to your local library. Libraries can be a great resource because there are several sections of the library that focus on particular subjects. Your local library has the best resources because they offer tutors, teachers, and tutoring groups who will help you with your homework help with your homework.If you live in a big city, you can also l ook into the library at your local high school. They may have a group that has specialized in helping kids with their homework. Many people who move to a new town or city are homeschooled and their parents may be in the library to find good homework help and tutoring options.If you cannot find a tutor in your local library, you can always look online. Most websites can give you homework help from tutors that specialize in helping kids with their homework.If you are going to get homework help online, make sure to ask some questions before you agree to work with someone. You want to be sure you are getting the help you need for the project. The homework help you find online should be useful and be a good option for you.The last option you have is to get homework help online. Most homework help is provided by parents or by teachers. If you need a tutor, this is the best way to get the help you need.

How does the increasing influence of NGOs in global politics affect state sovereignty - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2146 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Politics Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Introduction This discussion examines the increasing influence of NGOs in global politics and focuses specifically on the role of development NGOs and the way in which they have challenged traditional understandings of state sovereignty. The discussion focuses on development NGOs in order to understand how many such organisations have taken on roles which were traditionally seen as the preserve of the nation state, being directly involved in healthcare provision, infrastructure development and educational provision. The discussion begins with a look at the increasing importance of NGOs in international development before highlighting how this has then led to them challenging state providers in terms of influence. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "How does the increasing influence of NGOs in global politics affect state sovereignty?" essay for you Create order The final two sections of the discussion cast a critical eye on the issue and examine the extent to which these developments have directly challenged state sovereignty and also the extent to which this should be seen as a problem. The increased role of NGOs in development The increasing influence of NGOs in global politics is something which has taken off in the post-war years (Weber 2010). Increasingly, the trend has reached such significant proportions that international relations theorists have argued that many traditional theories of international relations such as realism are now no longer relevant in light of these increasingly important global institutions (Weber 2010). As globalisation has gathered pace, and media coverage has become ever more comprehensive the number of NGOs which now have a truly global reach has grown dramatically (Green 2008). Organisations such as Oxfam now have a comprehensive global reach and an institutional and logistical capability which makes them one of the best equipped organisations in the world (Green 2008). Both Green (2008) and Chang (2003) argue that this professionalisation of what were once small charities run largely by well-meaning volunteers (or frequently religious organisations), has fundamentally ch anged the capabilities of what these organisations are able to achieve. By logical extension, this enhanced capability therefore, gives such organisations a much greater scope and power which inevitably results in enhanced political power and relevance. A key positive is that such organisations are now able to achieve far more than was ever thought possible less than a century ago. However, the downside for some is that this power is frequently not coupled with democratic accountability and responsibility. Large scale development NGOs and state sovereignty The controversial element of large scale development NGOs in relation to state sovereignty comes on those occasions in which NGOs provide services which are traditionally seen as the role of the state. In some cases this is not controversial, for example in developing countries which have experienced a major natural disaster where immediate relief is urgently needed. However, in other cases where NGOs are involved in more long term provision of services, their impact on state sovereignty can be seen as being problematic. Perhaps the main reason for this is that they undermine the relationship between state and citizen and frequently undermine the sovereignty of political institutions (Riddel 2014). Whilst this is done with the best of immediate intentions writers such as Riddel (2014) and Houtzager (2006) have argued that the long term impact of this can be damaging both to the actual conditions in the particular country, but also to the political strength and accountability of the state. The argument goes that by taking over services which the state could provide, NGOs undermine the longer term planning and development of the state and effectively make it reliant on NGOs for service provision. Academics such as Houtzager (2006) argue that the only long term method for sustainable development, revolves around a strong and accountable state with genuine political power, and therefore NGOs which undermine this are in his view damaging to the longer term prospects for developing states. A further area in which NGOs are able to undermine state sovereignty, relates to the way in which NGOs are able to undermine the diplomatic positions of sovereign states by addressing problems or issues directly at source (Thakur 2006). For example, a nation state may invoke economic sanctions on a particular state in order to create diplomatic pressure but NGOs are able to bypass this to a certain extent by taking funds direct from citizens and using them in the way they best see fit. By remaining unaccountable to direct state power they are able to challenge the power of the state in numerous ways. Overall, it can therefore be seen that, in the vast majority of cases NGOs have never directly challenged state sovereignty but by virtue of their contribution towards a variety of issues, they have gradually eroded the role of the state in many areas. Also in some cases it can be seen that large scale NGOs have at times directly challenged the power of the state through the provision of certain services and their sheer size and capability. Broadly speaking however there is no major evidence put forward by any of the writers examined which would suggest that NGOs have directly challenged or undermined state sovereignty. Rather, the picture which emerges points to one in which state sovereignty and power is undermined by global governance institutions and large corporations, and then the gaps are plugged (or attempts are made to plug them) by myriad forms of NGO. This point is also supported by Eimer (2009). Critical Reflection The relationship between the modern political and international landscape and state sovereignty is particularly problematic. The role of supranational institutions such as the United Nations and the EU frequently make the news because of what is seen as their lack of true democratic accountability. However, the arguments made above show how NGOs are also contributing to this challenge on state sovereignty. The extent to which one sees this as a problem, is largely driven by the perspective one takes on the importance of the state as a provider of security and long term support. A key threat of such significant NGO involvement is that in huge numbers of cases the NGO in question is based in a different country to that country which it is attempting to help. This therefore, makes longer term security much harder to obtain from such involvement. However, in contrast to this view it must also be noted that the vast majority of major NGOs work closely with many governments in attempt ing to support and develop infrastructures and key provisions (for example health provision) and that the idea that they undermine sovereignty in the state is questionable. This point is highlighted by Eimer (2009) in relation to China with Eimer (2009) highlighting the fact that the Chinese government has actively encouraged growth in the voluntary and NGO sector within China and has even encouraged foreign NGOs to become involved. Eimer (2009 p.1) points out that; Officials are now actively talking up the role of charities and non-governmental organisations (NGOs), as they hope to harness the newfound enthusiasm amongst the Chinese for giving to charity and volunteering that has appeared since the Sichuan earthquake. Because it has little experience of its own of working with such groups, China plans to use some of Britains most famous charities as role models for their own voluntary sector. For a country with such a strong government as China to actively introduce NGOs and third sector involvement in the country shows that they do not perceive NGOs to represent a threat to sovereignty. Eimer (2009 p.1) highlights points made by Dr. Wang (the Minister in charge of NGOs in China) as directly looking towards major existing NGOs as examples of what can be achieved, arguing that; Dr. Wang is looking to Britain and charities like Save the Children, which works extensively in China, for examples of how best to boost Chinas charity sector. The way Save the Children operates is a good example for us, said Dr Wang. I think we can learn a lot from the UK. For example, the laws relating to charities, the institutions that govern charities and the way they are managed, both large charities and grassroots ones. In the past, charities played a very important role in transforming the UK into a modern society. However, it must also be acknowledged here that the Chinese government has such a strong power base that there are virtually no institutions on the planet which could challenge them. That said, it does provide some evidence that NGOs do not necessarily undermine sovereignty even where they have major involvement. Indeed, many such as Green (2008) and Chang (2003) argue that even with well-functioning democratic governments in wealthy states there are still areas in which NGOs can improve life for the majority of people without remotely undermining state sovereignty. It is certainly important to acknowledged that the way in which globalisation has changed the world is unlikely to be reversed any time soon, and there is therefore an important question to be asked as to whether NGOs themselves are to blame for declining state power, or whether or not forces such as large corporations, supranational institutions and other similar entities are more to blame. Certainly NGOs have increased their role whilst state sovereignty has undoubtedly declined but this relationship could very well be as much coincidental as it is a correlation. Giv en the evidence examined above, it would therefore, seem much more plausible to argue that NGOs have not caused a trend of declining state sovereignty but that their increased involvement in plugging important provisions gaps within many countries has undoubtedly contributed or cemented this trend in place. Fundamentally however, it can be argued that this does not represent a significant issue for the majority of states. It can therefore be argued, that the rise of NGOs has gone hand in hand with a decline in state sovereignty, particularly in some of the worlds poorest countries but that this decline in state power is unlikely to have been driven by NGOs and is much more likely to have been driven by other international forces. In many ways, the most likely outcome here is that NGOs have stepped in to fill in the gaps in provision, which have been left by the decline of state sovereignty caused by the increased power of institutions such as the World Trade Organisation (WTO), I nternational Monetary Fund (IMF) and major global corporations. This is certainly the view of a number of thinkers including Peet (2003) and Stiglitz (2002). It can therefore be seen, that the evidence and arguments examined above point more to a situation in which NGOs are not directly responsible for the erosion of state sovereignty in many cases but that they have probably indirectly contributed towards it. There is certainly a problematic relationship between many NGOs and many poorer states in the sense that many NGOs have now become so powerful that they are able to support large parts of state infrastructure in many countries (Green 2008). In addition there is strong evidence that many NGOs have intervened in states and have contradicted the power of the state by introducing policies such as supporting women into jobs (unpopular in some countries) and encouraging entrepreneurial behaviour in many other states through the use of microfinance (Smith 2013). Conclusion In conclusion, it can therefore be argued, that the rise in power of NGOs has certainly coincided with declining sovereignty in many of the worlds poorest countries and indeed in some of the wealthiest as well. However, the arguments examined above show that to solely blame NGOs for this decline in sovereignty is likely to be wrong. Indeed, much of the evidence suggests that the decline in sovereignty has been pushed much more by organisations such as global corporations and particularly global governance institutions which have comprehensively challenged state power in many institutions. That said, it must also be acknowledged that many of the larger NGOs have evolved into very powerful institutions which have directly challenged state power. To the extent that this trend is likely to continue, it must therefore be acknowledged, that NGOs have contributed to a decline in state sovereignty but also that they are certainly not the root cause of this decline. References Chang, H-J. (2003). Rethinking Development Economics. London: Anthem Press. Eimer, D. (2009). China turns to British charities to plug gaps left by communist party. London: The Telegraph. [available online at https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/4526715/China-turns-to-British-charities-to-plug-gaps-left-by-communist-party.html ] (accessed 21/10/2015) Green, D. (2008). From Poverty to Power. London: Oxfam. Houtzager, P (2006). Changing Paths: International Development And The New Politics Of Inclusion. Michigan:ÂÂ   University of Michigan Press. Krasner, S. (2001). Problematic Sovereignty: Contested Rules and Political Possibilities. Columbia: Columbia University Press. Peet, R. (2003). Unholy trinity. Zed Books Riddel, R. (2014). Does foreign aid really work? An updated assessment. Crawford School of Public Policy: Development Policy Centre. Smith, B. (2013). Understanding Third World Politics: Theories of Political Change and Development. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Stiglitz, J. (2002). Globalisation and its discontents. London: W.W.Norton. Thakur, R. (2006). The United Nations, Peace and Security: From Collective Security to the Responsibility to Protect. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Weber, C. (2010). International Relations Theory: A Critical Introduction. London: Routledge.

The Impact Of The Industrial Revolution On The White...

Explain the contribution of the industrial revolution to the white settlement of Australia The rapid inflation of the industrial revolution in Britain lead to the expansion of British interests to the White settlement of Australia. Workers in the cities didn t get paid much for their services and committed crimes to get resources, jails started to overflow and the USA wouldn t take any more convicts once they declared independence. The British empire needed a steady supply of naval materials such as flax and timber as the British empire depended on their naval empire for goods and protection. Brittish trade in the Pacific was very minimal and with a colony in Australia, they would have direct access to the pacific and Asian market. Protection of the Brittish empire in Asia was minimal and Brittish enemies surrounded India, with a port in Australia safe travel could be initiated and in the event of war, protection was close. Britains need for expansion due to the industrial revolution lead to the colonisation on Australia. During the 18th century crime in Britain hit an all time high which lead to the colonisation of Australia. Population levels in Britain exploded due to the end of major plagues which lead to a rapid transformation in society. Prosperity increased in agriculture and industry which uprooted a lot of people from traditional lives which lead to the industrial revolution. Small landholders were driven off their land and migrated to the cities to get a jobShow MoreRelatedIs Marxism Still Relevant Today? Essay2189 Words   |  9 PagesThe Industrial Revolution (1750-1850) had brought about significant changes in agriculture, mining, manufacturing, transportation and technology and subsequently established an era of unprecedented economic growth in capitalist economies. 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Managerial Control Systems Norwegian Company Headquartered

Question: Describe about theManagerial Control Systems?. Answer: Introduction Considering the company selected for developing the report is known as Statoil, which is a Norwegian company headquartered in Stavanger and operates in the oil and gas industry. The company has its significant presence to be one of the market leaders in the particular industry, which can be defined by the size of employees and amount of revenues. The company has 32,000 employees with the significant presence in 32 countries globally. Alternatively, it has achieved revenue approximately of US$60 billion, which is recorded from its operation of 2005 (Simons 2013). However, because of some major twist of events with the company in 2006, Statoil has become a budget independent organization in 2007. Although deserting the budget will entirely be a new experience for the enterprise, it sees some new and efficient opportunities by welcoming the beyond budgeting movement. The similar example can be observed in the case of Borealis, which has abandoned its budgeting system in the mod-1990s to implement the best practices and becoming a budget-free organization. With the help of the case study related to Statoil, it can be determined that the major aim of Statoil be to cope up with the ever-changing requirements of the global environment. Therefore, the following portions of the report are developed to investigate the rationale of the identified processes as part of the managerial control system of the company. Requirement 1 For the organization selected as Statoil, the traditional way of annual budgeting process was used by the company within the multinational oil and gas industry. Later the executive committee of the company in May 2005 decided to discontinue the traditional budgeting method to introduce an advanced way of budgeting inspired by the beyond budgeting principles. However, in the case of the managers of Statoil, they believe that the budgeting process is highly harmful for the corporation. This particular belief has led the managers to claim that no budget is prepared by their company (Kaplan and Atkinson 2015). Substantially, the specific statement claimed by the managers has some certain reasons, which are needed to be discussed in the following paragraph. The newly identified budgeting system will force the three different aims of the process into one single set of numbers. The three identified aims are setting the target, forecasting the budget, and allocating the resources. It can be seen that these three different aims are distinct from each other, and thus, they should be treated as a unique process. The new budgeting system identified by Statoil executive panel is looking forward to combining these unique processes within the same framework, which gives rise to the possibility of hampering the quality of the overall output. More clearly, it can be explained that the process of forecasting can be biased, as the same numbers are utilised for accomplishing the job, which also utilised for setting the target. It is also possible that the set of figures were utilised for the case of allocating the resources (Kerzner 2013). Therefore, decent results cannot be achieved with this newly adopted system, which drives the managers of Statoil to believe that budgeting process is not a part of the company anymore. Apart from that, Statoil has designed a particular framework called as Ambition-to-Action, which is dedicated to providing integration to the organizational strategy for the roles and responsibilities played by its employees. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the framework is based on offering the employees the appropriate freedom and flexibility as well. Based on this proposed framework, the company is required to update its documents as per the necessity, but not in a periodic interval (monthly or annual basis). The mentioned fact leads the managers of the company to believe that there is no need of adopting or updating to a new budgeting process as of now. Also because of that, they claimed that the company prepares no budget. Requirement 2 For operating in a multinational global business environment, a business corporation should need to develop a good performance in order to clinch to one of the leading positions in the respective market. It is a basic fact that the good or satisfactory performance of an organization is highly driven by the fundamental reassessment of the financial performance indicators involving the operation. In order to hold such a performance and coping up with the changing requirements of the organizational environment, Statoil decided to abandon the traditional method of budgeting from its internal organizational environment. There are some specific reasons behind such an important decision made by the decision-making council of the organization. The major ones amongst such reasons should need to be highlighted critically within this particular section. The first and foremost reason for deserting the traditional budget is that the particular way of budgeting fails to provide the necessary flexibility to the organization with respect to the dynamically changing organizational environment (Miller and Rice 2013). It is observed that the organizational environment associated with the operations conducted by Statoil is highly unpredictable, and the particular demand involving the industry is continuously increasing. These certain facts on a combined basis are forcing the company to depend on a single figure to set the organizational target, forecasting the budget, and allocating the resources. Based on the beliefs of Statoil, these individual processes are separated from each other, and the managers or executives should need to deal with each process independently. Apart from that identified reason, another effective factor causing relinquishment of the traditional budgeting system of the organization back in 2005 is considered as the application of a new model. It is observed that the new model was applied to the different unit levels, areas, and groups of the business integrated with the deeper pilot series. Influenced by this significant factor, the respective board of Statoil no longer accepted the traditional budgeting system (Bauer et al. 2012). Instead, the board has set some specific strategic objectives, key performance indicator (KPI) targets, and procedures for the company. Therefore, it can be clearly determined that developing and implementing the alternative performance management approaches is the core intention of Statoil by abandoning the existing budgeting system from the internal environment. Requirement 3 It is disclosed earlier that the abandoning the existing budgeting system and introducing a new and efficient model to achieve the results is highly inspired by the beyond budgeting approaches by the executive committee of Statoil. Considering the situation, the board of the company thought that the existing budgeting system follows the traditional approach, and it is excessively inflexible to meet the ever-changing demands of the oil and gas industry. Based on such a decision, the board decided to discontinue the approaches of the traditional budgeting system to emphasise more on establishing and implementing the strategic objectives, KPI targets, and specific set of organizational procedures. Therefore, a significant change within the internal environment of the company can be noticed during the particular timeframe of Statoils organizational structure (Zsambok and Klein 2014). However, the certain was also dependent to a substantial extent to the roles played by the line managers and supervisors from different levels. In order to initiate and implement the proposed changes successfully, the CFO and the project managers were required to play their important roles by successfully communicating the major weaknesses of the existing budgeting technique, i.e. traditional budgeting method. The certain changes as mentioned in the earlier portion are highly influenced by the implications of Beyond Budgeting process, which is considered as a management model dedicated to overcoming the problems caused by the traditional budgeting approaches. The primary emphasis is provided by Statoil to this particular management model due to the practices are concentrated on increasing the adaptability of the organization within the certain business environment. In order to replace the existing budgeting methods and approaches, different processes under the Beyond Budgeting technique are adopted by the company. Importantly, these processes are designed and implemented by ensuring the compliance with seven vital principles of beyond budgeting approach (Kim and Feamster 2013). The first principles based on developing and shaping up the leadership approach of the organization to be able to identify the drivers of change within the current business environment efficaciously. Rest of the seven principles majorly focuses on right practices from the management and leadership ideas. There are some critical processes determined by Bjarte Bogsnes, the beyond budgeting project managers, for implementation purposed and ensuring the achievement of goals by the company. These processes are collectively known as the Ambition-to-Action method for the selected organization. The following approaches and practices are responsible for replacing the traditional way of budgeting approach for the selected company. The first and foremost process identified by the CFO and project manager of Statoil is the strategic planning. As part of the process, two executive committee meetings were held within the organization each year for developing the clear understanding of the strategic concepts and challenges over the past number of years based on the organizational performance in different periods (Scott and Davis 2015). With the help of the understanding gained regarding the strategic directions and trends of the organization, the process supports the establishment of strategic objec tives and ambition statement for Statoil. The formation of these targets and the statement is done by considering the long-running effect over the different operational period of the organization. After accomplishing the strategic planning stage, Statoil shifts its focus to set the performance target for the company by considering its ambitions and relativeness. The certain considerations were done due to the goals are related to inputs and outputs of the organization. Apart from that, another major advantage can be gained by the company with such a consideration. It allows the organization to conduct a performance comparison concerning the performance and outcomes of other different organizations within the same industry. Next, forecasting is designed to develop a superior estimate about the expected outcomes of the performance. The significance of this process is to make sure that the preliminary warnings concerning the possible challenges or issues can be gained by the company in an advance (DRURY 2013). Successful implementation of the identified process will ensure Statoil take the corrective measures according to the necessity. Lastly, allocation of resource is observed to be another major process implemented within the internal environment of Statoil. The process is not a mechanical function related to the target or the forecasts. As part of the process, the managers of the company are provided with the freedom to utilise the quantity of resources defined by the scope of responsibility. Strengths of New Implementation Weaknesses of New Implementation The needs and requirements of the dynamic market environment can be able to satisfy by the Statoil. The outcomes of the KPI lack compliance with the strategic objectives. The dynamic resource allocation can be developed providing the company the superior advantage to form differential concepts to the managers. Different targets as set by the new processes lack the particular amount of strategic objectives associated with the certain industry. Proper decision making capacity than the previous scenario can be developed and ensured by the Statoil by implementing the new processes. The managers are required to make sufficient assumptions during the completion of every stage, which are not sufficiently taken into the account for developing and implementing these processes. By addressing the cost of different transactions through the strategic objectives ensure the proper monitoring on the spending development. It is not clear whether the actions will be taken on basic agreements or regarding the particular situation of the business. Structured assessment of the actual performance of the business can be developed. There are still the chances of hampering the achievement of long-running and sustainable results for the organization, as the managers may concentrate more on the short-term goals at the expense of long-terms (Purce 2014). Requirement 4 Considering the analysis of the case study related to Statoil, it is determined that Ambition-to-Action System is identified by the company in a mean to embrace and integrate the Beyond Budgeting approaches. The particular system is designated to form and integrate the organizational strategy for the employee of the company to shape up their functions while maintaining independence and flexibility to their commitments. Ambition-to-Action system is developed with five different principles, which are outlined below: Importance is provided to the performance, and it can outperform the peers. Based on the code of conducts of the company, it is necessary to develop the right set of actions according to the situation. Here the decision-making criteria related to the Ambition-to-Action are maintained in such a manner to ensure the sound business judgement for the company. With the help of establishing the identified framework, the needful resources are made available for allocation depending on each scenario. Different actions of the business are developed by considering the future consequences, which ensures the overall priority to be provided to the way of conducting those actions (Bauer et al. 2012). Conducting the performance assessment is also an essential factor for developing Ambition-to-Action, as the process is done with considering the holistic approach related to the delivery and behaviour. On the other hand, the beyond budgeting process is based on 12 core principles for increasing the organizational adaptability with the certain business situation. Out of the 12 principles, six are dedicated to shaping up the leadership attitudes and approaches for addressing the major drivers of change, whereas the rest of the principles are based on organising the leadership actions and managerial functions. According to the statement made by the project manager of beyond budget, it is necessary for the organization to prepare the traditional budgets in order to deal with the transactions of external parties of the company. Without preparing such budget would make the managers of the company becoming critically confused regarding the understanding of the external interfaces (Zsambok and Klein 2014). Therefore, it can be determined that the project managers have implemented some additional features to the Ambition-to-Action system to cope up with the changing scenario of the business . It is clear from the statement that the project manager has not completely eradicated budgeting system of the organization in order to achieve the identified purposes. Similarly, Baard Venge argued that becoming dynamic and altering the overall processes as part of the internal control system of the organization is highly difficult given the scenario all the external parties are not highly dynamic to the respective environment. It is observed that the majority of the external organizations believes in the annual budget, which forces the certain company to maintain the traditional budgeting approaches in line with the newly identified model. Based on the particular understanding developed within the portion, it is acknowledged that not all the 12 fundamental principles of beyond budgeting are integrated and adopted in the Ambition-to-Action system. Because of the varying needs of the external parties of Statoil, the traditional budgeting practices are also withhold. Requirement 5 By the help of the analysis of the case study, critical knowledge is developed concentrating on the concepts of Beyond Budgeting philosophy. The certain philosophy is explained as the coherent model of management with the having the ten years experience. The applicability of the management model is based on the effectiveness of the associated theories to bring positive and relevant changes within the internal environment of the organizations (Scott and Davis 2015). On the other hand, the adaptability of any new management model requires the establishment of varying understandings for the different business schools and management consultants. In order to develop the suitable level of knowledge regarding the new paradigm a reasonably consistent communication is essential. In the case of beyond budgeting, it still not achieved that certain stage in the global business environment. The academics and business consultants are constantly focusing on developing the in-depth knowledge about the particular model for expanding its utilisation to the various global business enterprises. The preliminary understanding related to the identified management model suggests that the adoption of the approaches is rare outside Europe. Apart from the major reason causing the limited utilisation of the model, some other contributory factors also play significant roles in the process. These factors are briefly elaborated below: The application of the beyond budget approach is based on different backgrounds of the people. The common understanding of the people leads them to perceive that the overall approaches as part of the procedure are only about removing the budgets from the organization (Miller and Rice 2013). However, the original aim of beyond budget is meaningfully broader and deeper, as it ensures the capability of the organization is enhanced to adopt the key changes in the business environment. There are different articles and statements from the field of business management claiming beyond budgeting approaches to replace the existing budgeting system of the organization with the rolling forecasts. However, the perception of rolling forecast and beyond budgeting is entirely dissimilar to each other. From the example of one of the largest oil and gas companies known as Statoil from Scandinavia and the European pharmaceutical company Borealis, it can be determined that the application of Beyond Budgeting be only for the rich companies. This is one of the primary reasons, which limits the other companies outside Europe to embrace the model. Last but not the least, one of the widespread perceptions regarding the implementation of beyond budgeting approaches is that the process ensures losing of control from the different levels of authority. Requirement 6 There are some principle reasons recognised causing the managers of Statoil to become highly dissatisfied with the traditional method of budgeting followed by the company. These reasons are outlined and stated in the following portion. Firstly, the limited longevity of the assumptions made for preparing the budget is responsible for creating the unpleasing attitudes among the managers. Different assumptions developed for creating the budgets become obsolete after a short period. Secondly, with the application of the traditional budgeting system, the operating managers gained the facility by assuming the budgeted cost as their entitlements (Kerzner 2013). On the other hand, the other line managers were abandoned from doing additional things that can create values for them as well as the organization. Thirdly, the traditional budgeting system exercised by Statoil was highly centralised with the essential requirement of micro-management. Micro-management is a complex aspect, which demands the need of adequate knowledge and expertise. It is something, which makes the managers to become Fourthly, the managers were required to be involved in multiple multifaceted functions as part of the traditional budgeting system observed within the organization. They were responsible for conducting variance analysis with explaining the variances and reviewing the past performances of the organization, instead of participating in the future decision-making process of the organization. Lastly, the traditional budgeting process is performed on an annual basis, which is not relevant to some extent of areas for the business of Statoil. Requirement 7 Difference between Traditional Budgeting and Ambition-to-Action Process of Statoil Traditional Budgeting Ambition-to-Action Process Traditional budget is not relevant for the organization to adapt to the constantly changing needs and requirements of the competitive global environment. Statoil identified the Ambition-to-Action process mainly due to capture the changing demands of the oil and gas industry in the global business environment. The existing budgeting system of Statoil lacks of the dynamic nature of the overall approaches. By supporting the organization satisfying the needs of the modern environment, Ambition-to-Action processes helps to develop targets, forecasts, and resource allocation in a dynamic manner. It focuses primarily on the past performance while providing priority on the explanation of variance. It focuses mainly on the management approaches and shaping up the leadership involvement to achieve the results efficiently. Traditional budgeting within Statoil is observed to follow a certain management style focusing on command and control. Ambition-to-Action processes are adopted for empowering the leaders and managers within the company and training them adequately to deal with varying scenarios (Simons 2013). Traditional budgeting in Statoil had established a centralised bureaucracy. Ambition-to-Action processes are adopted by Statoil to develop a decentralised team within the internal organizational environment. Conclusion Based on the overall efforts and identified knowledge extracted, it can be concluded that appropriate planning and implementation plays major roles in the success of organization, apart from the identifying the suitable guidelines and system. The Proper way to planning and executing facilitates the organization to support the achievement of its predefined goals and objectives in a sufficient manner. With the emergence of Ambition-to-Action processes identified and implemented by Statoil to replace its traditional budgeting system, it is evident that the modern day organizations are beginning to incorporate risks to their internal managerial control system for effectively surviving into the competitive business environment. Despite the identified fact, it is suggested to maintain both the traditional and newly identified model within the internal control system for effectively satisfying the varying needs of the industry. References Bauer, A., Browne, J., Bowden, R. and Duggan, J., 2012.Shop floor control systems: from design to implementation. Springer Science Business Media. DRURY, C.M., 2013.Management and cost accounting. Springer. Kaplan, R.S. and Atkinson, A.A., 2015.Advanced management accounting. PHI Learning. Kerzner, H.R., 2013.Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. Kim, H. and Feamster, N., 2013. Improving network management with software defined networking.Communications Magazine, IEEE,51(2), pp.114-119. Miller, E.J. and Rice, A.K. eds., 2013.Systems of organization: The control of task and sentient boundaries. Routledge. Purce, J., 2014. The impact of corporate strategy on human resource management.New Perspectives on Human Resource Management (Routledge Revivals),67. Scott, W.R. and Davis, G.F., 2015.Organizations and organizing: Rational, natural and open systems perspectives. Routledge. Simons, R., 2013.Levers of control: how managers use innovative control systems to drive strategic renewal. Harvard Business Press. Zsambok, C.E. and Klein, G., 2014.Naturalistic decision making. Psychology Press.

The Grapes Of Wrath Essays (1793 words) - Dust Bowl, U.S. Route 66

The Grapes Of Wrath David Rosen English 3H, Period 2 Mrs. Carmody September 26, 2000 The Inter-Chapters and Symbolism in The Grapes of Wrath Authors often use many different writing styles and techniques when creating their novels. They use these certain methods in order to make their stories more descriptive and easier to understand. John Steinbeck uses many literary techniques in The Grapes of Wrath to help the reader better understand the story. For instance, by writing the inter-chapters, Steinbeck often foreshadows the regular chapters and the events that will occur in them. Another literary tool used very well by Steinbeck is his use of symbolism throughout the entire novel. He is able to produce a great deal of symbols which can provide for a clearer understanding of the novel through things such as animals, machines, and nature. In The Grapes of Wrath, many different literary techniques are used to further describe and bring to life the novel, but the two that Steinbeck uses the most are the inter-chapters and symbolism. The inter-chapters are a purely unique creation by John Steinbeck. Because of the extent of description that he writes with, these chapters fit very well into the novel. Clearly, the authors goal is to have the reader picture the harsh situations that the Joads and other families have to go through. By thoroughly describing each setting, this creates a more vivid image for the reader. Also, these inter-chapters contain a more of a general picture as to what is going on during the time period of the Joads journey. While the regular chapters are written to tell the specific story of the Joad family and document their journey to California, the inter-chapters, usually, correspond with the story line of the novel. The inter-chapters, eventually, become very intriguing as the story progresses. After awhile, as the story progresses, the two different types of chapters gives the story a rhythmical pattern. The inter-chapters are a key part in The Grapes of Wrath because they provide indirec t comments and show general situations which foreshadow the personal tragedies of the main characters. These comments and situations help give the reader an understanding of what the characters are facing through their journey by either showing metaphorically their triumphs and struggles or explaining the history of the period that they are living in. Chapter three is an inter-chapter. In this chapter, Steinbeck describes a concrete highway (p. 20) that a land turtle struggles to cross. The turtle has almost reached his destination when a truck hits it. This chips its shell, and it is thrown on its back. The turtle then has to struggle with all of its might to turn back over. Eventually the turtle flips back over and continues on its journey. This chapter represents the continuous struggles and obstacles that the Joads would have to cope with throughout the entire story. Throughout the novel the Joads meet many hardships. They are forced to leave their home, lose family members such as the grandparents and Noah, work for low wages, and suffer from hunger, floods, and cruel prejudices in California. Like the turtle, the Joads refuse to give up and continue on with their journey. Chapter five is another inter-chapter that discusses the tractors that would come to the land and plow through it. It destroys everything in its path. This chapter is an abstract conflict between the tenant farmer and the banks. The banks want to take over the land to make more money, but it is very difficult for the farmers to leave because the land has been settled by their grandfathers. One tenant farmers is so upset that he threatens to shoot the driver by saying (hed) be in the window with a rifle (p. 51). Another chapter describes a tenant farmer that has to leave and is cheated into paying too much for a car. Chapter nine describes the generalized families who must sell their sentimental goods at absurdly low prices. These chapters represent the situations which the Joads encount er very soon. The Joads must leave their land and sell all of their things. Later in the novel, Grandpa threatens to kill the tractor driver who was plowing their land just like the tenant farmer who

Effects of a Preincisional 14 Day Course of Valerian on Natural Killer Cell Activity in Sprague-Dawley Male Rats Undergoing Abdominal Surgery Essay Example

Effects of a Preincisional 14 Day Course of Valerian on Natural Killer Cell Activity in Sprague Effects of a Preincisional 14 Day Course of Valerian on Natural Killer Cell Activity in Sprague-Dawley Male Rats Undergoing Abdominal Surgery Essay Effects of a Preincisional 14 Day Course of Valerian on Natural Killer Cell Activity in Sprague-Dawley Male Rats Undergoing Abdominal Surgery Essay Effects of a Preincisional 14 day course of Valerian on Natural Killer Cell Activity in Sprague-Dawley Male Rats Undergoing Abdominal Surgery Authors: COL (ret) Norma Lynn Garrett, CRNA, PhD, USA, AN Fort Sam Houston, Texas LTC (ret) Nathaniel M. Apatov, CRNA, PhD, USA, AN Tripler Army Medical Center, HI CPT Robert Fredregill, SRNA, BSN, USA, AN Tripler Army Medical Center, HI CPT Aaron Johnston, BSN, USA, AN Tripler Army Medical Center, HI CPT John Buen, SRNA, BSN, USA, AN USUHS, Graduate School of Nursing, Nurse Anesthesia Program, Bethesda, Maryland CPT Michael Neill, SRNA, BSN, USA, AN Tripler Army Medical Center, HI Patricia S. Dixon, MS Affiliation: U.S. Army/University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Graduate Program in Anesthesia Nursing, Fort Sam Houston, Texas Introduction: The American Cancer Society estimated that over one million new cancer cases were diagnosed in 2005 and a majority of these patients died from metastatic spread.1 The standard for treating solid tumor cancer is surgical resection. However, it has been suggested that surgical resection may in fact promote metastasis.2 One of the bodyâ„ ¢s natural defenses to combat metastasis is the activity of natural killer (NK) cells. NK cells serve as a vital mediator of detection during the early innate immune response and destruction of aberrant cells. It has been demonstrated that benzodiazepines may ameliorate surgery-induced suppression of natural killer cell activity.3 We examined the effect of a 14-day course of valerian, an herbal anxiolytic, on natural killer cell activity in Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods: Thirty-five rats were assigned to one of three groups: 1) surgical animals administered research grade valerian, 15 mg/kg solubilized in peanut oil 2) surgical animals administered peanut oil (vehicle) and 3) anesthesia only animals administered valerian. One day prior to the 14 day course of valerian, blood was drawn to assay baseline NK cell activity. On experimental day, all animals were administered isoflurane anesthesia. Surgical animals underwent a standard laparotomy whereas anesthesia only rats were anesthetized for the same period of time as the surgical rats. Twenty-four hours post-experiment animals underwent a second blood draw to assay NK cell activity. Results: Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to analyze NK cell activity (measured in lytic units). Our results suggested that there was no difference (p = 0.9) in suppression within or between groups. Conclusions: Clinical studies with valerian have been published but with small numbers and some ambiguity. Further research regarding valerianâ„ ¢s effectiveness as a modulator of NK cell activity and whether dosage or route of administration is a factor in modulation is still warranted. Keywords:?   Valerian, Natural Killer Cells, Cancer Funding: 59th Medical Wing Clinical Research Squadron, 2200 Bergquist Drive, Bldg 4430, Lackland AFB, TX 78236-5300. OBJECTIVE / HYPOTHESIS: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a presurgical 14-day course of valerian on Natural Killer cells activity in male Sprague-Dawley rats undergoing abdominal surgery. Our research was directed by the following research question: Would a presurgical 14-day course of valerian inhibit 24-hour postoperative surgical suppression of NK cell activity when compared to a 14-day course of vehicle in male Sprague-Dawley rats undergoing abdominal surgery Background: Cancer is ranked as the second leading cause of death in the United States and the majority of cancer related deaths have a metastatic component.4 Currently, the most common treatment for solid tumor carcinoma is surgical resection. Surgical resection results in a release of growth factors that has been suggested to promote metastasis of the remaining cancer cells.5 Surgical insult, postoperative pain, and anxiety may serve as inhibitors to successful surgical treatment by suppressing the endogenous cell mediated immune (CMI) response. CMI limits metastasis of cancerous cells by activating Natural Killer (NK) cells. NK cells are endogenous specialized large granular lymphocytes that detect and destroy aberrant cells.6 Aberrant cells lack or possess a deficit of functional major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI) surface proteins. NK cells serve as vital mediators of aberrant cellular detection during the early innate immune response.7 Surgically induced suppression of NK cell activity can be attenuated by ameliorating the surgical stress response. In 1999, Ben-Eliyahu and colleagues examined the effects of a postoperative beta-adrenergic antagonist on Fisher 344 rats using a lung tumor retention assay (MADB106). The beta-adrenergic antagonist resulted in the inhibition of lung tumor colonization.8 In 2002, Page and colleagues examined lung tumor susceptibility in Fisher 344 rats and observed that a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) attenuated the suppression of NK cell activity caused by surgical stress. The findings from these studies compellingly suggest that surgery contributes to the suppression of the immune system, specifically, NK cell activity. There exist both physiological and psychological mechanisms responsible for the suppression of NK cell activity in the surgical patient. Physiological and psychological mechanisms related to anxiety are implicated in the modulation of the CMI. Anxiety activates the sympathoadrenomedullary systems and the hypothalamic-pituitary- adrenal axis (HPA). Neurosignals are processed in the hypothalamus, which cause the release of various neurotransmitters (e.g. norepinephrine), neuropeptides (e.g. corticotrophin-releasing factor), neurohormones (e.g. adrenocorticotropin hormone) and adrenal hormones (e.g. catecholamines and corticosteroids). Both catecholamines and corticosteroids are suggested to suppress the immune system and NK cell activity.9 10 Evidence from both animal and human studies suggest that anxiety is a major cause of CMI suppression. Anxiolytic medications may attenuate the negative psychological impact associated with surgical stress.11 Benaroya-Milshtein and colleagues demonstrated an increase in NK cell activity by reducing anxiety in mice.12 A 2001 study by Koga and colleagues demonstrated that anxiety suppressed NK cell activity in 144 human patients scheduled for oral surgery.13 A study by Nunez and colleagues demonstrated that benzodiazepines, such as alprazolam, could reverse the adverse effects of stress and anxiety on CMI in Sprague-Dawley rats. 14 Finally, Freire-Garabal and colleagues suggested that chronic alprazolam administration caused a dose-dependent reduction in surgically mediated stress-induced suppression of NK cell activity in mice.15 Catacholamine and cortisol levels were reduced and enhanced protection of NK cell activity in the groups receiving pre and post surgical administrat ion of alprazolam was noted. Valerian, an herbal medication with reputed anxiolytic effects, demonstrates a dose-dependant GABAergic effects in in vitro studies of rat brainstem preparations.16 Yuan and colleagues demonstrated the site of action of a known benzodiazepine and valerian to be the GABAA receptor.17 Further, Yuan and colleagues observed both direct and indirect modulation of the GABAA receptor activity but were unable to isolate the active pharmacological agents in valerian preparations. In a related study, Ortiz and colleagues demonstrated the direct and indirect modulation of the GABAA receptor utilizing oral valerian extracts in in-vitro studies of Sprague-Dawley rats.18 Human studies suggest that the effective oral dose for anxiolytic and hypnotic effects range from 400 to 900 mg administered daily.19 20 Additional research suggests that chronic administration of valerian over a minimum period of 2 weeks is necessary to achieve pharmacologically effective serum levels.21 Acute administratio n of valerian has been proposed to provide anxiolytic effects but may be related to a placebo effect. Given that NK cells play an integral role in the suppression of metastatic cancer and that anxiety suppresses NK cell activity, interventions that reduce anxiety may lead to better outcomes in patients undergoing surgical resection of solid tumor carcinomas. If perioperative anxiety can be attenuated with valerian, then surgical suppression of NK cell activity may also be attenuated. Methods A sample of 35 male Sprague-Dawley rats was partitioned into three groups with two rats utilized for model development. The rats were separated into the following groups: Valerian and surgery (11), Vehicle and surgery, the control group (11), and Valerian and anesthesia (11). The anesthesia only group assessed the effects of valerian on NK cell activity under non-surgical conditions compared to surgical conditions. For each of the groups listed above, mature male Sprague-Dawley rats; weighing 225-250 grams were used. Animals were brought in and acclimatized to the vivarium for 3-days prior to habituation and handling. Rats were housed in plastic cages on a 12-hour light/dark cycle. Animals had continuous access to food and water except for the 8-hours prior to the experiments, when only water was available. The rats were partitioned into three equal groups. We randomized the order in which the rats would be tested to ameliorate any effect that a surgeonâ„ ¢s ability might ha ve upon the outcome. For each of the 14 days prior to the experiment, animals were administered either vehicle (peanut oil) or valerian (15mg/kg), depending on the group assignment. The dose was based on a clinical trial by Cropley (2002) whose findings suggested that a 9mg/kg dose of valerian administered over 7 days was effective in reducing stress and on an rodent study suggesting that a single dose at 30 mg/kg significantly prolonged emergence time from anesthesia.22 One day prior to the experiment, animals were briefly anesthetized with isoflurane to withdraw blood via a cardiac puncture for baseline NK cell assay. On the experiment day, surgical animals underwent a standard laparotomy with isoflurane anesthesia; anesthesia only animals received isoflurane at the same time and dose as the surgery animals. Once anesthetized, all animals were injected intramuscularly (IM) with penicillin (25,000 units/kg), and the abdomen of the surgery animals was shaved and prepared with betadine. Surgery consist ed of a 4 cm midline incision through the skin and abdominal muscle wall followed by the externalization of a 10 cm segment of the small intestine for a period of 4-minutes. During the first minute, the intestine was gently rubbed between two pieces of gauze in 4 locations as a standard irritant; this procedure promoted the release of local inflammatory factors. For the remainder of the 4-minute period, the intestine was covered with saline-soaked gauze to maintain the moisture content. The intestines were then returned to abdominal cavity, irrigated with saline, and the muscle and skin layers were stapled. Isoflurane gas was discontinued after stapling was completed. At 24 hours after surgery, all animals were anesthetized for the withdrawal of approximately 2 ml of blood via cardiac puncture for the post surgical NK cell assay. Exactly 1 ml was placed in a heparinized tube (20 U/ml) with 3.0 ml PBS with bovine serum albumin (BSA, 1 gm/L) and centrifuged at 500 g for 10 minutes. The supernatant was then aspirated down to the original blood volume. The blood was washed two times with 3.0 ml medium, using the same centrifugation and aspiration procedure. YAC-1 cells, a standard cell line for the assessment of rodent NK cell activity, are maintained in the above-specified complete medium. To radiolabel the cytoplasm of the YAC-1 cells, approximately 15(106 cells are incubated with 0.2 mCi of 51NaCrO4, 150 (l medium, and 200 (l FCS for 90 minutes. The medium used for this assay is the same as the above-described medium, except that the FCS content is 15% by volume. After incubation, target cells are washed 3 times in medium and their concentra tion adjusted to 8(105 cells per ml (approximately 6:1 leukocytes:YAC-1) for the lowest effector:target (E:T) ratio. Because whole blood is used, it is necessary to serially dilute the target cells to achieve the various E:T ratios. For each E:T ratio, 100 (l of washed blood was aliquoted into a well of a microtiter plate, and 150 (l of 51Cr-labeled YAC-1 target cells in medium was then added on top of the blood. Plates were centrifuged at 500g for 10 minutes, which creates a buffy layer of leukocytes and target cells on top of the red blood cells. Plates were then incubated for 4 hours, centrifuged at 500 g for 10 minutes, and 100 (l supernatant was harvested for determination of 51Cr release in the gamma counter. The spontaneous release and maximum release (incubation of YAC-1 cells in medium and 1 Normal HCl, respectively) was measured for each tumor cell concentration separately, and percent specific lysis was calculated using the formula: [(Experimental Spontaneous) ( (Maximum Spontaneous)] (100. Data Analysis: A total of 6 subjects were omitted from the various groups. Two subjects (one from each surgical study group) were omitted due to post operative wound dehiscence. Four subjects were omitted due to post-feeding pulmonary edema. As expected, all groups had significantly suppressed NK cell activity compared to pre-experimental values (p

Please answer the four questions about marketing Research Paper

Please answer the four questions about marketing - Research Paper Example Thirdly, each of the exchanging parties has to exude confidence in the value of the items exchanged. For instance, when purchasing a vehicle, the customer has to have confidence that the vehicle would perform beyond their expectations and offer the required utility. Lastly, r both parties have to meet the high expectations as a way to build trust in the transaction, in addition to making the marketing activity successful. A recent marketing exchange that I participated recently was purchasing a mobile phone recently. In the transaction, I had to visit a local distributor dealing in some of the leading phone brands, which actualized the first requirement of a marketing exchange; two parties have to be involved in the exchange. Secondly, I was attracted to the mobile phone due to its enhanced functionality, which promised to be of much value. In this case, I was confident that the phone could satisfy my needs while the distributor would be satisfied by having a piece of his stocks sold at a profit. Thirdly, I was very confident that after reviewing the phone and listening to earlier users, the phone could deliver more value to exceed my satisfaction as I had been disappointed by some earlier models. Lastly, I had to bargain to get the best possible price for the best product, while we finally settled on the last price with each of us meeting and exceeding the expectations. As a result, we established a strong buyer-seller relationship that would be considered for another transaction in the future. Q.2 In strategic planning, an organization sets its mission, goals and a corporate strategy that guides in all its operations until establishment of a sound marketing plan to seal transactions. As such, Pride & Ferrell (2012) detailed the important components to be considered in strategic planning. The first step involves identification of the organization’s strengths,

Network Infrastructure Planning Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Network Infrastructure Planning - Research Paper Example In a bid to reduce the cost of setting up new systems for each of the satellite branches, the company can opt to use New Technology File system (NTFS) permissions or Active Directory (AD) permissions (Abel, 2009). Whereas both permission systems would provide considerably reliable control of access of the files at the head office server, there are principle differences in their best use capabilities and modes of authentication control. Active Directory is a domain controller that authorizes and authenticates all computers and users in Windows domain type internetwork. It assigns and enforces security policies for computers and installs or updates software on remote computers from the server. For example, a user logs into a computer in the satellite branches that is part of the Windows domain, the Active Directory examines the passwords and usernames submitted to discern whether the user is a normal user or system administrator. Active Directory employs the use of LDAP-Lightweight Dir ectory Access Protocol (Computer Architecture Association, 2011). On the other hand, NTFS is a product of Microsoft Company that can be set to allow or deny users access to a particular data domain. Using NTFS, users have the capacity to add, move, delete, and modify files and their associated directories. They can as well Read & Execute, Read and Write. NTFS includes Traverse Folder/Execute File gives users permission to navigate through folders and files to gain access to files and other folders. Traverse Folder Permission only takes place when user or group lacks Bypass Traverse Checking right in the Group Policy snap-in (Bruce & Smith, 2011). NTFS has Everyone Group that has permission for Bypass Checking user right. These permission levels will enable the IT department at the head office of the fashion-ware company grant different degrees of access to computers and groups of various satellite branches. Computers and users identified to be of administrative role will have extens ive permission to perform delete, modify and add functions in their respective files and folders stored in the main office servers. The main need of the company is to operate in different countries from a central office. It needs to keep a good record of sales transactions for its fashion-ware all over its expanse market. The company will need to put in place application servers (servers designed and dedicated to running particular applications). The IT department will most specifically take great care in deciding which application server to consume the larger portion of ROM and RAM depending on its significance to the company. Windows Application Server and Appaserver are the application servers that are recommended for the use in the company (Bruce & Smith, 2011). These servers have an advantage of data and code security. Integrity of codes and data is imperative given the company centralizes all its business logic on small number of server machines or one server at the head offic e to serve the entire global market. The application servers also enable the company to centralize its configurations (Fredrich, 2011). The use of Windows server and Appserver would enable the company to monitor the security of its data as all the data is stored centrally. The total cost of ownership of the company becomes less as the company does not have to install hardware infrastructure all over the satellite branches to run its businesses. The major disadvantage with Windows application server

Book summary of Montana 1948 Essay Example for Free

Book summary of Montana 1948 Essay Race, social status and gender are three factors, in which society uses to judge people. Although many people do not agree with this aspect, our society embraces it by categorizing all people under theses three factors. Those who consider themselves to be better then others, attempt to belittle those whom they consider to be weaker. These people are often known, as the Fringe of society. Montana 1948 is an excellent example of this struggle between the weak and the strong. Montana 1948 is a very good example of what it was like to be part of the fringe of society. The author does an extraordinary job at depicting certain struggles of power between the characters in the book. The reason these struggles are so easy to pick up on is because the narrator describes the characters to full detail. This allows for a further enhancement of the book to which you can become more acquainted with the characters. There for you can predict the struggles between characters. One of the main struggles in this story is between the Fringes of society and those who have power. By power I mean those who are able to speak for themselves and defend themselves. Good examples of power, in the society of Montana 1948, are the white men. Those who would be considered a fringe would be the Native Americans, women, and children. It is obvious, in the story, that men had the power. The male characters in the book prove this; such as Wes, his father, and Frank. Each character has a certain overpowering attitude over the other. Wes being the character, which most frequently shows up in all the scenes, is able to take over the scene with his overpowering attitude. This is true because several occasions in the book demonstrate the wifes reluctant ness to make decisions on her own there for always seeking Wess approval; If my mother said it, it was so, yet my fathers confirmation was still necessary page 43. This demonstrates the superiority that Wes had over the family, hence putting the wife on the fringe of the household. Frank on the other hand is more of an easy going character, but since he was a doctor and was his fathers favorite, he is given more liability and credit over Wes. Frank was witty, charming, at smiling ease with his life and every thing in it. Along side his brother my father soon seemed somewhat prosaic. Oh, stolid, surely, and  steady and dependable. But inevitably, inescapably dull. Nothing glittered in my fathers wake the way it did in Uncle Franks, page36. In this case Wes has always had to struggle with Frank over favoritism over their father. This favoritism is apparent when their father gets up in front of a large crowd to address his son Frank as a war hero, Now Id like to bring my son up here. Page 37. The favoritism is also imminent in the way the father addressed the speech, He simply said my son. And why wouldnt the county sheriff be called on to make a small speech? page37. The last character, which is considered to be the most powerful in the book, and a scene-stealer, is Grandpa. Obviously as the head of the family he has power over his sons, but his high social status and wealth also puts him above and beyond most people. This power to which he attains allows him to do most anything he pleases, without having any confrontations from the towns people. He didnt call for silence. That wasnt his way. He simply stood there; his feet planted wide, his hands on his hipspage37. He assumed that once people saw him, they would give him their attention. And they did page37. This example clearly demonstrates the Grandpas superiority over all the people. These where the main characters, in the story, and they demonstrated what it was like to be above the Fringe. Being part of a fringe, means that you do not have much say around others. Native Americans are a common example of what a fringe is like. They isolate themselves from the town, because white people put down Native Americans due to their race. Native Americans are not the only people part of the Fringe. At times women may be considered that also. For they are not described by the narrator as much as men, hence showing favoritism of men over women by the author. It is true that Native Americans and women are not as socially high as men.

The Book of Acts Essay -- the birth of the church

The Book of Acts The book of Acts is known as 'the birth of the church'. Acts recounts the story of the early church from the time of Jesus' ascension to Paul's arrival as a prisoner in Rome. Acts was written by the author of Luke's gospel, Luke. Although the author does not name himself, evidence from the book itself proves that the author was Luke. Luke was a physician. Scriptural evidence of this includes Colossians 4:14: "Our dear friend Luke, the doctor, and Demas send greetings." Luke often used medical language. For instance, he finds the sailors bandaging the ship in Acts 27:17: "When the men had hoisted in aboard, they passed ropes under the ship itself to hold it together. Fearing that they would run aground on the sandbar of Syrtis, they lowered the sea anchor and let the ship be driven alone." These two verses along with others in the scripture prove that Luke was a doctor. Some even think that Luke was the first medical missionary. Luke was often a traveling companion of Paul. Luke served as a personal comfort to Paul. Luke appears to travel very often, and he is very familiar with nautical terms. This is supported in Acts 16:10-12: " (10) After Paul had seen the vision, we got ready at once to leave for Macedonia, concluding that God had called us to preach the gospel to them. (11) From Troas we put out to sea and sailed straight for Samothrace, and the next day on to Neopolis. (12) From there we traveled to Phillipi, a Roman colony and the leading city of that district of Macedonia. And we stayed there several days." Because it is written that Luke was a doctor, and that he and Paul were called by God to preach the gospel, it is evident that Luke was a medical missionary. ... ... always preached to the Jews first (13:5), and turned to the gentiles only after his fellow Jews had rejected him. "And when they were at Salamis, they preached the word of God in the synagogues of the Jews: and they had also John to their minister." The book of Acts is very important because of its explanation of the birth of the church. The authorship of the book may not be listed in the book, but after reading Acts and comparing it to Luke's first account, it is obvious that he is the author. Luke's gives much insight to the beginning of the church. A better understanding of where the church began and where it has progressed to can be gained after thoroughly reading the book. Bibliography: http://www.stpetersnottingham.org/bible/acts.htm Acts: The Birth of the Church, Blaiklock, New Jersey, 1980 The Holy Bible bibletutor.luthersem.edu

Ideal Leaders In Lord Of The Flies Essay

Ralph, Jack and Piggy all possess unique qualities. Are any of them ideal leaders? What important qualities do each of them possess (and lack) as regards leadership? Who is the natural leader in Lord of the Flies? This is the question that Golding is making us consider. There is no right or wrong answer, as all of the boys possess unique leadership qualities. This essay will explore what qualities of leadership Ralph, Piggy and Jack possess (and lack), and eventually come to a conclusion (if one can be found) as to which boy is the natural leader of the band of boys on the island. A leader is somebody who guides a group in whatever they do. They make policies, rules and, if necessary, decisions for the group that they lead, which the group should then follow. Ralph has a number of ideal leadership qualities. He is fair, maybe sometimes too fair, and believes in the idea of everyone having a chance to have their say (â€Å"‘I’ll give the conch to the next person to speak. He can hold it when he’s speaking†¦And he won’t be interrupted. Except by me.'† [31]) However, the rule of freedom of speech is overturned by Jack (â€Å"Jack was the first to make himself heard. He had not got the conch and thus spoke against the rules, but nobody minded.† [94]) and Ralph does not do anything about it. This is one of the qualities that Ralph lacks. He makes rules, but is not willing to enforce them because he fears that they may be ignored (â€Å"‘You got to be tough now, make ’em do what you want.’ ‘If I blow the conch and they don’t come back, then we’ve had it'† [99]) unless something happens to spur him to action, such as when Jack let the fire out (â€Å"So Ralph asserted his chieftainship and could not have chosen a better way if he had thought for days. Against this weapon, so indefinable and so effective, Jack was powerless and raged without knowing why† [77]) Ralph believes in everyone having responsibility and everyone working together and helping each other to build a successful community. He offers the groups long term solutions such as shelters and a signal fire so that they would be rescued, however, he does not do enough to make these ideas attractive, and as a result he ends up doing most of the work while the hunters and littluns disappear to have fun (â€Å"And they keep running off. You remember the meeting? How everyone was going to work hard until the shelters were finished?†, â€Å"When the meeting was over they’d work for five minutes then wander off or go hunting.† [51]) This lack of acceptance of responsibility annoys him and makes him hostile (â€Å"As they danced, they sang. Kill the pig. Cut her throat. Bash her in. Ralph watched them, envious and resentful.† [79]) towards Jack and the hunters. As a result, he is not as tolerant of them as he should have been and eventually insults that part of the group (â€Å"‘What above my hunters?’ ‘Boys armed with sticks.'† [137]) This makes Jack angry enough to attempt to rebel against Ralph’s leadership, and straight after he leaves to start a tribe of his own. He is very good at communication. He says what he thinks rather than trying to hide his own opinions and feelings (â€Å"‘Better Piggy than Fatty,’ Ralph said with the directness of genuine leadership.†, â€Å"I was chief, and you were going to do what I said. You talk. But you can’t even build huts-then you go off hunting and let out the fire-† [21/22]) This is essential, because if you do not let others know your feelings, then they will not understand why you are acting the way you are, or your reasons for making decisions, and might think you are being unreasonable. He can make his speeches simple for the littluns to understand, yet powerful by using repetition and explanation (â€Å"He had learnt as a practical business that fundamental statements likes this had to be said at least twice, before everyone understood them†¦His mind was searching for simple words so that even the littluns would understand what the assembly was about.† [84]) However, as events spiral out of his control, his speeches become less and less inspiring as he loses confidence in himself and his abilities, and eventually his followers desert him and he is left on his own, running for his life. Though Ralph is a natural leader (â€Å"There was a stillness about Ralph as he sat that marked him out†¦and most obscurely, yet most powerfully, there was the conch. The being that had blown that†¦was set apart† [19]), able to reassure and offer comfort (â€Å"The assembly was lifted towards safety by his words. They liked and now respected him.† [36]), the values and goals that he presents as part of his leadership do not offer the security that the group needs when their morale is low as a result of fear of the beast. As a result, he is only able to lead when times are good. He clings to the same ideals that he had when he first came to the island: the idea of rescue, keeping civilisation intact and having rules, and is unable to adapt to the changing feelings on the island about those ideals when they are overtaken by more immediate and attractive offers (â€Å"‘Because the rules are the only thing we’ve got!’ ‘Bollocks to the rules! We’re strong – we hunt! If there’s a beast, we’ll hunt it down! We’ll close in and beat and beat and beat-!'† [99]) Piggy supports Ralph in his leadership, but does not have the popularity to be a leader himself. He possesses a number of leadership qualities, but because of his unpopularity, he is often ignored (â€Å"There had grown up tacitly among the biguns the opinion that Piggy was an outsider, not only by accent, which did not matter, but by fat, and ass-mar, and specs, and a certain disinclination for manual labour.† [68]) Because of this, when important matters needing his input occur, his valuable ideas are often disregarded (â€Å"‘We ought to be more careful. I’m scared-‘ ‘You’re always scared. Yah – Fatty!'† [45]) He is intelligent, and most of the sensible, good ideas come from him (â€Å"what intelligence had been shown was traceable to Piggy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  [18/19] â€Å"Ralph! We can use this [the conch] to call the others. Have a meeting.† [12] â€Å"Piggy moved among the crowd, asking names and frowning to remember them.† [14] â€Å"We haven’t made a fire what’s any use. We couldn’t keep a fire like that going if we tried.† [41] â€Å"The first thing we ought to have made was shelters down on the beach.† [45]) He is also a very good judge of character, though he seems blind when it comes to seeing that the others, Ralph included, do not like him (â€Å"He hates me [Jack]. I dunno why. If he could do what he wanted – you’re all right, he respects you†¦I tell you what. He hates you too, Ralph†¦He can’t hurt you, but if you stand out of the way he’d hurt the next thing. And that’s me.† [100/101) However, his pessimism (â€Å"They’re all dead an’ this is an island. Nobody don’t know we’re here. Your dad don’t know, nobody don’t know – We may stay here till we die.† [9]), his complaining and his dislike of manual labour leads to the other boys regarding him as being no use to the group, so they shout him down whenever he tries to speak (â€Å"His voice lifted into the whine of virtuous recrimination. The others stirred and began to shout him down.† [43]) If Piggy and Ralph had worked together right at the beginning, with Ralph listening to Piggy’s ideas instead of regarding him as an irritation (â€Å"Piggy was a bore; his fat, his ass-mar and his matter-of-fact ideas were dull: but there was always a little pleasure to be got out of pulling his leg, even if one did it by accident.† [68]), then Piggy’s intelligence and Ralph’s popularity and dedication to work would have combined to make an excellent joint leadership which most of the group would have accepted.

Florine Stettheimer, Avant-Garde Artist of the Jazz Age

Florine Stettheimer (August 19, 1871–May 11, 1944) was an American painter and poet whose brushy, colorful canvases depicted the social milieux of New York in the Jazz Age. During her lifetime, Stettheimer chose to keep her distance from the mainstream art world and only shared her work selectively. As a result, her legacy as a truly original American Folk-Modernist, while still modest, is now slowly building, decades after her death. Fast Facts: Florine Stettheimer Known For: Jazz Age artist with an avant-garde styleBorn: August 19, 1871 in Rochester, New YorkDied: May 11, 1944 in New York City, New YorkEducation: Art Students League of New YorkSelected Work: Cathedrals series, Family Portrait II, Asbury Park Early Life Florine Stettheimer was born in 1871 in Rochester, New York, the fourth of five children. Throughout her life, she had a close relationship with the two siblings closest to her in age—her older sister Carrie and her younger sister Ettie—as none of the sisters ever married. Both of Stettheimer’s parents were descendants of successful banking families. When her father Joseph left the family when the girls were children, they lived off their mothers, Rosetta Walter Stettheimer, sizable inheritance. In later life, Stettheimer’s independent wealth may have accounted for some of her reluctance to show her work publicly, as she was not dependent on the art market to support herself. This, in turn, may have affected the content of her work, as she was not forced to abide by the whims of cultural tastes and could more or less paint as she pleased. Florine Stettheimer, Spring Sale at Bendels (1921), oil on canvas, Philadelphia Museum of Art. Public Domain Personality and Persona Stettheimer spent her early years of schooling in Germany, but returned to New York City often to take classes at the Art Students League. She moved back to New York in 1914 before the start of World War I and took a studio near Bryant Park in the Beaux-Arts building. She became close friends with many of the movers and shakers in the art world at the time, including the father of Dada (and creator of R. Mutt’s Fountain), Marcel Duchamp, who taught French to the Stettheimer sisters. The company the Stettheimer sisters kept was highly creative. Many of the men and women who frequented Alwyn Court (the Stettheimer home on 58th Street and 7th Avenue) were artists and members of the avant-garde. Frequent visitors included Romaine Brooks, Marsden Hartley, Georgia O’Keefe, and Carl Van Vechten. Stettheimer’s politics and attitudes were distinctly liberal. She attended an early feminist conference in France when she was in her twenties, did not cringe at risquà © depictions of sexuality on stage, and was an ardent supporter of Al Smith, who favored a woman’s right to vote. She was also an outspoken supporter of Franklin Delano Roosevelt’s New Deal, making it the centerpiece of her famous Cathedrals of Wall Street (1939), now at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. She collected George Washington memorabilia and called him the â€Å"only man I collect.† Despite the time she spent in Europe, Stettheimer’s love of her home country is clear in the scenes of jubilation she choose to represent under its flag. Work Stettheimer’s best known works are of social scenes or portraits interspersed with symbolic references to their subjects’ lives and milieux, often including some reference to her own identity as a painter. Florine Stettheimer, The Cathedrals of Broadway, 1929, Metropolitan Museum of Art. Public Domain / CC01.0   From a young age, the multi-sensory experience of attending the theater appealed to Stettheimer. Though her initial attempts at set design failed (she approached the dancer Vaslav Nijinsky with an idea of bringing the myth of Orpheus to the stage with her as set designer, only to be rejected), there is an undeniable theatricality to her canvases. Their visually-optimized but inaccurate perspective allows for the entire scene to be viewed from one point of view, and their elaborate framing devices give off the appearance of a proscenium or other elements of a theater or stage. Later in her life, Stettheimer did design the sets and costumes for Four Saints in Three Acts, an opera whose libretto was written by famed modernist Gertrude Stein. Art Career In 1916, Stettheimer was given a solo show at the well-known M. Knoedler Co. Gallery, but the show was not well received. It was the first and last solo show of her work in her lifetime. Stettheimer opted instead for throwing â€Å"birthday parties† for each new painting––essentially a party thrown in her home whose main event was the unveiling of a new work. The social occasion model of exhibiting was not a far cry from the salons for which the Stettheimer women were known during the interwar years. Stettheimer was known as a wit with a sharp tongue, uninhibited when it came to social critique. Her painting, as well as her poetry, are clear evidence of this assessment, such as the commentary on the art market which is the driving force of this poem: Art is Spelled with a Capital AAnd capital also backs itIgnorance also makes it swayThe chief thing is to make it payIn a quite dizzying wayHurrah–hurrah– Stettheimer was very deliberate about her image as an artist, often refusing to be photographed by the many significant photographers she counted among her friends (including Cecil Beaton) and instead opting to be represented by her painted self. Appearing in the straight cuts of clothing fashionable in the 1920s, the painted version of Florine wore red high heels and never seemed to age past forty, despite the fact that the artist died in her early 70s. While most often she would directly insert her image, palette in hand, into a scene, in Soirà ©e (c. 1917), she includes a nude self-portrait not widely exhibited (presumably because of its salacious content). Later Life and Death Florine Stettheimer died in 1944, two weeks before the Museum of Modern Art exhibited what she called her â€Å"masterpiece,† Family Portrait II (1939), a canvas which returned to her favorite subjects: her sisters, her mother, and her beloved New York City. Two years after her death, her great friend Marcel Duchamp helped organize a retrospective of her work at the same museum. Sources Bloemink, Barbara. Imagine The Fun Florine Stettheimer Would Have With Donald Trump: The Artist As Feminist, Democrat, And Chronicler Of Her Time.  Artnews, 2018, http://www.artnews.com/2017/07/06/imagine-the-fun-florine-stettheimer-would-have-with-donald-trump-the-artist-as-feminist-democrat-and-chronicler-of-her-time/. Brown, Stephen, and Georgiana Uhlyarik.  Florine Stettheimer: Painting Poetry. Yale University Press, 2017.Gotthardt, Alexxa. The Flamboyant Feminism Of Cult Artist Florine Stettheimer.  Artsy, 2018, https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-flamboyant-feminism-cult-artist-florine-stettheimer. Smith, Roberta. A Case For The Greatness Of Florine Stettheimer.  nytimes.com, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/18/arts/design/a-case-for-the-greatness-of-florine-stettheimer.html.